This AQA AS Biology exam covers topics such as enzyme activity, cell membrane structure, and genetic processes. It examines biochemical tests like those for non-reducing sugars and the formation of ester bonds in phospholipids. Key questions focus on immune responses, including phagocytosis and antibody structure, as well as the production and transport of proteins in eukaryotic cells. The exam also explores topics like plant cell adaptations, cell division (meiosis), and the impact of genetic modification on plant growth. Additionally, students calculate relationships between potassium ion movement and water molecules, assess environmental factors affecting cell growth, and evaluate experimental data.