1. Chemical and Physical Properties of Water – Role of hydrogen bonding in dissolving salts, density changes during freezing, and volume calculation based on mass and density.

2. Classification and Adaptations in Marine Organisms – Features of chordates, binomial nomenclature of sharks, lipid-based buoyancy, and mutualistic relationships for defense.

3. Coastal Ecosystems and Environmental Factors – Impact of weathering and erosion on rocky shores, root adaptations in red mangroves, and causes of mangrove deforestation.

4. Ocean Temperature and Primary Productivity – Seasonal variations in water temperature, density, and productivity in temperate regions.

5. Coral Feeding Mechanisms – Description of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition in coral polyps.

6. Climate Change and Marine Circulation – Effects of Greenland ice sheet melting on the global ocean conveyor belt and impact of El Niño on Australia’s east coast.