The exam evaluates principles of inorganic and physical chemistry, including thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, and equilibrium analysis. Topics include lattice enthalpy calculations, buffer solutions, pH determination, and Gibbs free energy assessments for feasibility analysis. It explores mass spectrometry for isotope abundance and structural identification, crystalline properties, and redox reactions using standard electrode potentials. Analytical chemistry sections cover ion tests, equilibrium constants, and titrations with applications in reaction stoichiometry and ligand exchange. The paper integrates theoretical concepts, problem-solving, and applied techniques, emphasizing quantitative reasoning, chemical reactivity, and real-world chemical systems.