1. Programming Constructs and Error Identification: Identifying data types, logic errors, debugging code, use of comments, and distinguishing local vs. global variables. 2. Algorithm Design and Implementation: Writing pseudocode, implementing loops and conditions, correcting syntax errors, and handling input/output operations. 3. Data Validation and Processing: Implementing validation checks, testing erroneous data, sorting algorithms, and file handling (reading/writing error logs). 4. Encryption and Data Security: Understanding ciphers, decoding encrypted text, applying substitution methods, and justifying encryption techniques. 5. Mathematical and Logical Computations: Using arithmetic operations, calculating squares and cubes, implementing physics-related formulas, and handling numerical data types. 6. File Handling and Data Analysis: Reading and processing text files, identifying invalid data entries, implementing sorting/searching algorithms, and generating structured output.