1. Programming Fundamentals and Error Handling: Identifying variables and data types, debugging syntax and logic errors, boundary vs. erroneous testing, and improving code readability. 2. Algorithm Implementation and Decision Structures: Writing pseudocode, implementing selection and iteration structures, validating user input, and optimizing if-else logic. 3. Data Processing and File Handling: Reading and writing files, filtering erroneous data, implementing password validation, and sorting/searching algorithms. 4. Encryption and Data Security: Understanding encryption concepts, Pigpen cipher application, identifying encryption keys, and applying different encryption techniques. 5. Sorting and Searching Algorithms: Implementing bubble sort and linear search, analyzing sorting efficiency, and comparing sorting algorithms′ memory usage. 6. Game Development and User Interaction: Creating interactive guessing games, tracking user attempts, validating input length, and managing game state through subprograms.