1. Forces and Motion: Newton’s laws, acceleration and deceleration calculations, velocity-time graphs, and momentum conservation.

2. Energy and Work Done: Kinetic and gravitational potential energy, efficiency calculations, power, and energy transfers in systems.

3. Waves and Optics: Reflection and refraction, speed of sound and light, Doppler effect, and applications of electromagnetic waves.

4. Electricity and Circuits: Ohm’s law, resistance in series and parallel circuits, power calculations, charge and voltage relationships.

5. Magnetism and Electromagnetism: Electromagnetic induction, transformer applications, force on current-carrying conductors, and magnetic field interactions.

6. Radioactivity and Space Physics: Half-life calculations, nuclear reactions, orbital mechanics, redshift, and evidence for the Big Bang theory.