1. Structure and function of cell organelles—nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, membrane permeability 2. Transport across membranes—osmosis, diffusion, active transport, concentration gradients 3. Enzyme action—substrate specificity, temperature and pH effects, denaturation, catalysis mechanism 4. DNA and protein synthesis—base pairing, transcription, translation, mRNA codon interpretation 5. Genetics—inheritance patterns, Punnett square analysis, sex-linked traits, mutation impact 6. Human body systems—digestive enzymes, blood circulation, gas exchange, nerve impulse transmission