1. ideal gas practical analysis, capillary tube experiment, sulfuric acid trap, absolute zero estimation, thermal expansion of air, linearity of l–θ graph
2. Lenz’s law verification, copper tube length variation, time of descent measurement, constant acceleration assumption, magnetic damping, graphical validation of motion model
3. radioactive decay experiment, beta-gamma source handling precautions, GM tube count rate correction, background radiation subtraction, decay constant from ln C vs t, dual-isotope decay curve fitting
4. rolling cylinder time trial, ramp gradient effect, h1 and h2 measurement accuracy, stopwatch timing uncertainty, g calculation from height and distance data, percent uncertainty estimation
5. inter-student data comparison, accuracy vs precision analysis, mean time computation, standard deviation implication, systematic error influence