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1. transition metal chemistry—complex ion formation, ligand exchange, redox titration (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺–MnO₄⁻), stereochemistry, color change and stability analysis
2. benzene structure—historical models (Kekulé, Dewar, Ladenburg), X-ray diffraction evidence for delocalization, NMR spectrum differences, enthalpy change of hydrogenation comparisons
3. Grignard reactions—preparation, nucleophilic attack, electrophilic substitution with CH₃COCl, skeletal isomer analysis, NMR interpretation, mechanism with curly arrows
4. titanium(III) chloride chemistry—catalysis explanation, ligand coordination, stereoisomer representation, titration of nitrate with Ti³⁺, redox potentials, heating rationale
5. organic colorants—curcumin radical and nucleophilic addition mechanisms, metal complex formation with curcumin anion, azo dye synthesis pathway (methyl red), low-temperature control
6. synthetic dye chemistry—indigotin preparation from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, percentage yield calculation, hydrolysis and acylation reactions of coumarin 440, structural transformation analysis

Edexcel International AS/A Level Chemistry (WCH) Oct 2021 Chemistry (WCH) directory

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Chemistry WCH15/01 October 2021 | Edexcel International A Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme

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