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Physical Education 9PE0/01 June 2022 | Edexcel A Level Past Papers With Mark Scheme
1. Stroke volume definition: volume of blood ejected per heartbeat; cardiac output definition: total blood volume pumped by heart per minute
2. Venous return increase leads to greater stroke volume and cardiac output via Frank-Starling mechanism; more blood returning stretches ventricular walls enhancing contractile force
3. Endurance athletes develop bradycardia due to increased stroke volume, enhanced parasympathetic tone, enlarged heart size, and lower resting heart rate
4. Ankle joint movements: plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion
5. Muscle contraction types: concentric (muscle shortens, e.g. biceps curl upward), eccentric (muscle lengthens, e.g. lowering weights), isometric (muscle length constant, e.g. plank hold)
6. Motor neurone functions: dendrites receive impulses, axon transmits signal, myelin sheath insulates and speeds conduction, axon terminal transmits to muscle fibers
2. Venous return increase leads to greater stroke volume and cardiac output via Frank-Starling mechanism; more blood returning stretches ventricular walls enhancing contractile force
3. Endurance athletes develop bradycardia due to increased stroke volume, enhanced parasympathetic tone, enlarged heart size, and lower resting heart rate
4. Ankle joint movements: plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion
5. Muscle contraction types: concentric (muscle shortens, e.g. biceps curl upward), eccentric (muscle lengthens, e.g. lowering weights), isometric (muscle length constant, e.g. plank hold)
6. Motor neurone functions: dendrites receive impulses, axon transmits signal, myelin sheath insulates and speeds conduction, axon terminal transmits to muscle fibers