1. Naked-eye astronomical tools and techniques: planispheres, star maps, sundials, shadow stick experiments, use of celestial coordinates (Right Ascension and Declination)

2. Celestial observations and motions: seasonal constellations visibility, zodiacal band relevance, Sun’s apparent movement, lunar and solar eclipse mechanics, Earth’s rotation and precession

3. Longitude and time determination methods: Equation of Time, shadow stick graphs, lunar distance method, observations with accurate marine chronometers

4. Meteor shower analysis: radiant detection via naked-eye plotting, meteor naming based on constellation, explanation of atmospheric entry and apparent origin

5. Ancient astronomy: stone circle alignments with stars (e.g. Sirius), use of solar events for direction finding, understanding axial precession through archaeological data

6. Lunar and solar eclipse geometry: umbra and penumbra regions, annular and total eclipse conditions, Moon’s orbital inclination preventing monthly eclipses, use of eclipses to estimate distances and diameters (e.g. Eratosthenes, Aristarchus)