1. Ursa Major identification via asterism (Plough), Pole Star location using pointer stars, Orion and Pegasus recognition through belt and square star patterns

2. Meteor shower radiant determination, Leonid origin in Leo constellation, meteor light streaks from atmospheric entry friction, safe solar observation using pinhole projection

3. Lunar eclipse shadow curvature proving Earth’s spherical shape, Eratosthenes′ Moon diameter estimation using eclipse timings, error analysis via percentage deviation from true diameter

4. Axial precession illustrated by First Point of Aries drift, Sphinx solar alignment with vernal equinox sunrise, estimation of Sphinx construction date via precession angle and rate

5. Shadow stick daylight measurement project, longest day determination (Midsummer), observational method critique (e.g. weather, horizon obstruction, shadow visibility)

6. Tide formation explanation: gravitational forces of Moon and Sun, spring tides during full Moon, Moon phase cycle timing via repeated full phase observations