1. Celestial object identification and telescope design: classification of galaxies, nebulae, globular clusters; Moon far side imaging by space probes; Newtonian vs. Cassegrain reflectors; eyepiece and magnification calculations

2. Galaxy and black hole analysis: Hubble classification (elliptical, spiral), M87 galaxy distance and black hole imaging via global radio telescope array; interferometry enhancing resolution; X-ray binaries as black hole evidence

3. Binary systems and exoplanet detection: eclipsing binary light curve variations based on star brightness; exoplanet detection using transit method and light dips; habitable conditions (liquid water, temperature, atmosphere)

4. Supernovae and neutron stars: neutron star formation from lower-mass cores; high density and strong magnetic fields; detection via pulsars (radio telescopes); supernova light curve decay and absolute-to-apparent magnitude conversion

5. Planetary rings and telescope observations: hydrogen as dominant gas in ringed planets; ring composition (ice, rocks); Uranus ring detection via stellar occultation; Saturn′s telescopic visibility limitations in early 1600s; Roche limit explaining ring formation

6. Universe expansion and spectroscopy: Local Group membership; Hubble′s law, redshift velocity calculations, Hubble constant and inverse age relation; absorption spectra for stellar classification; misclassification due to atmospheric absorption; heliocentric parallax usage limits for distant galaxies