1. Celestial object classification and telescope observations: identification of galaxies, globular clusters, binary star systems, and planetary systems using visual features; sketches and descriptive images used for accurate object recognition
2. Lunar internal structure and origin theories: crust, mantle, outer core distinction; capture theory, co-accretion model, giant impact hypothesis; near-side feature dominance by maria formations
3. Nebulae types and stellar evolution: planetary, emission, absorption, and supernova remnants; association with star formation and presence of white dwarfs; visibility and expansion factors; reasons for black hole invisibility in supernova images
4. H–R diagram application and stellar properties: spectral classification, absolute magnitude positioning, supergiant and main sequence identification, temperature inference, molecular absorption line analysis
5. Telescope evolution, optical principles, and observational astronomy: Galilean vs Keplerian design, field of view impacts, Saturn ring misinterpretation, angular resolution calculations, magnification equation, image quality dependency on lens specifications
6. Star distance measurement techniques and universe expansion: parallax, Cepheid variables, distance modulus; Drake Equation variables; habitable zone analysis; support for Big Bang and Steady State theories through redshift and universal metrics