1. Molecular polarity and symmetry (CF₄), isotopic water masses, partial pressure calculation, combustion gas volume-to-mass conversion, rate–pH relationship, Avogadro’s constant and mole calculation 2. Benzoic acid synthesis: phenylmethanol oxidation, acidification precipitation, recrystallization, yield percentage, equation balancing, role of carbonate in pH regulation 3. Group 14 oxide reduction: methane as reducing agent, Pb₂O₃ stoichiometry, empirical formula determination, SiO₂ vs CO₂ lattice structure comparison (giant covalent vs simple molecular) 4. Chloroxylenol and α-terpineol analysis: Brønsted–Lowry acidity, NMR prediction, acid dissociation constant Ka calculation, chirality identification, E/Z isomerism limitation due to ring structure 5. Enthalpy of hydration and solution: CuSO₄ energy cycle, enthalpy calculation using q = mcΔT, entropy change derivation using ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, thiosulfate ion bond angle and tetrathionate structure prediction 6. Transition metal redox chemistry: Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ion reactions, color changes and precipitate identification, redox equation construction, iron complex formation, gas identification by splint test, thermal decomposition analysis and molecular formula deduction through molar mass and gas volume.