1. Sicilian Expedition failure 415–413 BC; major Athenian losses in fleet and manpower; strategic overextension; psychological blow; weakened dominance in Aegean
2. Persian royal inscriptions (Darius, Xerxes); divine sanction (Ahura Mazda); expansionist ideology; glorification of conquest; personal ambition as motivation for military campaigns
3. Spartan-Athenian relations 479–445 BC; periods of diplomacy and hostility; Delian League rise; tension over Athenian imperialism; Thirty Years’ Peace context
4. Pericles’ leadership during Archidamian War; defensive strategy; political stability; post-Plague leadership vacuum; failure of successors; more aggressive and inconsistent strategies
5. Use of Persian inscriptions from Naqs-e Rustam and Persepolis; self-image of kingship; justification of empire-building; source reliability vs Greek historical narratives
6. Historiographical analysis required; synthesis of archaeological, epigraphic, and literary sources (e.g. Thucydides, Herodotus); emphasis on causation, leadership, imperialism