1. Transport systems: surface area to volume ratio, phloem structure-function (sieve tube elements, companion cells), transpiration measurement via potometer, humidity and air movement effects, rate calculation, conclusion from trials
2. Biochemical testing: protein detection with Biuret reagent, starch (iodine test), lipids (emulsion test), glucose quantification with colorimeter, absorbance graph interpretation, percentage error from pipette types
3. Immunity and health: CITES protection role, species richness and evenness comparison, vaccine impact analysis (MMR, flu), autoimmune definition, collagen properties, immune system errors (perforin vs. cytokine), stem cells in Parkinson’s treatment
4. Mitosis vs. meiosis: Komodo dragon and starfish reproduction, fragmentation, mitotic index calculation, cell line comparison, functions of mitosis, genetic variation mechanisms (crossing over, independent assortment)