1. Utility software functions, compiler vs. interpreter drawbacks, hybrid execution for high-level language programs. 2. Binary number conversion: denary, hexadecimal, BCD, and binary arithmetic operations. 3. Logic circuit design, truth table for expressions, ROM and RAM in embedded systems. 4. Data verification vs. validation, checksum usage, and validation methods for data accuracy. 5. Database normalization to 3NF, SQL for data manipulation, and schema definitions. 6. Network topology, router functions, image compression, and societal impacts of AI.