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1. Tropical and Coastal Environments: Impact of ITCZ movement on tropical weather, differences between climax and plagioclimax vegetation, effects of sea level changes on coral reefs, and sustainable management of coastal areas.

2. Hazardous and Arid Environments: Causes and hazards of sudden mass movements, government responses to volcanic eruptions (e.g., Mount Pinatubo), wind transport and dune formation in deserts, and evidence of past climate change in arid regions.

3. Agricultural and Industrial Geography: Definitions and intensification of agricultural productivity, challenges in industrial location decision-making, and factors influencing the location of industries on industrial estates.

4. Environmental Management and Energy Use: Oil production and consumption disparities by region, negative environmental effects of the oil industry, land pollution causes and solutions, and financial challenges in upgrading degraded environments.

5. Global Trade and Tourism: North America’s trade flows, impact of distance on trade, positive and negative effects of international tourism, and environmental consequences of tourism development.

6. Economic Transition and Regional Development: Global income inequality trends, limitations of using income per capita as a measure, initial advantages in regional development, spread effects, and challenges in balancing development between core and periphery regions.