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Proportional tax: tax system where everyone pays the same percentage of their income
Tax fairness debated: Flat rate for all incomes. Impacts vary by...Read more

Proportional tax: tax system where everyone pays the same percentage of their income

Tax fairness debated: Flat rate for all incomes. Impacts vary by bracket....Read more
10
Dec
2025
Regressive tax: tax system where lower-income earners pay a higher percentage of their income
Regressive taxes burden low-income earners more. This abstract e...Read more

Regressive tax: tax system where lower-income earners pay a higher percentage of their income

Regressive taxes burden low-income earners more. This abstract examines their impacts and potential policy alternatives for greater fairness....Read more
10
Dec
Progressive tax: tax system where higher-income earners pay a larger percentage of their income
Progressive taxes aim to reduce income inequality by having high...Read more

Progressive tax: tax system where higher-income earners pay a larger percentage of their income

Progressive taxes aim to reduce income inequality by having high earners pay a larger share of their income compared to low earners....Read more
10
Dec
Poverty trap: situation where low income discourages work and prevents improvement in living standards
Poverty traps: self-reinforcing cycles where low income creates ...Read more

Poverty trap: situation where low income discourages work and prevents improvement in living standards

Poverty traps: self-reinforcing cycles where low income creates barriers to work and escape, preventing improved living standards....Read more
10
Dec
Unintended consequences: unexpected side effects of policies that reduce their effectiveness
Policy side effects undermine goals via surprise outcomes, reduc...Read more

Unintended consequences: unexpected side effects of policies that reduce their effectiveness

Policy side effects undermine goals via surprise outcomes, reducing intended effectiveness....Read more
10
Dec
Administrative cost: cost to government of implementing and managing intervention
Gov intervention implementation & management expenses: administr...Read more

Administrative cost: cost to government of implementing and managing intervention

Gov intervention implementation & management expenses: administrative cost analysis....Read more
10
Dec
Income redistribution: government policies that transfer income from higher-income groups to lower-income groups
Gov policies shift income from richer to poorer groups via taxes...Read more

Income redistribution: government policies that transfer income from higher-income groups to lower-income groups

Gov policies shift income from richer to poorer groups via taxes and transfers to reduce inequality....Read more
10
Dec
Competition policy: measures designed to prevent anti-competitive behaviour and protect consumers
Preventing anti-competitive conduct to protect consumers and ens...Read more

Competition policy: measures designed to prevent anti-competitive behaviour and protect consumers

Preventing anti-competitive conduct to protect consumers and ensure fair markets....Read more
10
Dec
Privatisation: transfer of government-owned organisations to the private sector
Gov firms sold to private owners. Aims: boost efficiency, cut st...Read more

Privatisation: transfer of government-owned organisations to the private sector

Gov firms sold to private owners. Aims: boost efficiency, cut state costs. Results: mixed – often better service, but equity concerns persist....Read more
10
Dec
Nationalisation: transfer of private-sector firms to government ownership
Nationalisation: shifting private firms to state control. Examin...Read more

Nationalisation: transfer of private-sector firms to government ownership

Nationalisation: shifting private firms to state control. Examines economic impacts, policy motives, and outcomes across key case studies....Read more
10
Dec
Pollution permit (tradable permit): certificate allowing firms to emit a limited amount of pollution
Tradeable pollution permits: market-based system to cap emission...Read more

Pollution permit (tradable permit): certificate allowing firms to emit a limited amount of pollution

Tradeable pollution permits: market-based system to cap emissions efficiently via firm-level allowances....Read more
10
Dec
Regulation: rules set by the government to control economic activity
Govt rules shape markets, drive growth, and protect public inter...Read more

Regulation: rules set by the government to control economic activity

Govt rules shape markets, drive growth, and protect public interests through economic regulation....Read more
10
Dec
Buffer stock scheme: government plan of buying and selling products to stabilise prices
Gov’t buys/sells goods via buffer stock to fix market prices and...Read more

Buffer stock scheme: government plan of buying and selling products to stabilise prices

Gov’t buys/sells goods via buffer stock to fix market prices and prevent price swings for stability....Read more
10
Dec
Price floor (minimum price): legal minimum price above equilibrium designed to support producers
Price floor: legal minimum price above equilibrium, supporting p...Read more

Price floor (minimum price): legal minimum price above equilibrium designed to support producers

Price floor: legal minimum price above equilibrium, supporting producers with higher income but risking surplus and inefficiency....Read more
10
Dec
Price ceiling (maximum price): legal maximum price below equilibrium designed to make goods affordable
Price caps aim to increase affordability but can create shortage...Read more

Price ceiling (maximum price): legal maximum price below equilibrium designed to make goods affordable

Price caps aim to increase affordability but can create shortages and reduce market efficiency....Read more
10
Dec

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