This AQA AS Biology exam covers diverse biological topics, including carbohydrates, proteins, enzyme action, and genetics. Key areas include differences between cellulose and glycogen, the properties of starch, and the effects of temperature on beetroot pigment release. The paper also explores gene copy variations in different populations, the role of amylase in digestion, and the adaptations of hemoglobin in fetal development. Students are asked to interpret data, describe biological processes like the cohesion-tension theory in water transport, and explain mechanisms like mRNA production in plant cells. The exam focuses on applying biological concepts to experiments, data analysis, and theoretical explanations.