The exam focuses on core AS-level Biology topics, including biomolecules, cell structure and functions, genetics, enzyme activity, and physiology. Key areas covered are lipid identification, membrane structure comparisons, adaptations of alveoli, gas exchange efficiency, mutagenesis, genetic variation mechanisms, and prokaryotic and eukaryotic structural differences. Other critical themes include enzyme activity analysis, allele frequency dynamics, ATP formation, DNA replication, and water′s biological importance. Concepts like FEV1:FVC ratio in lung health, genetic mutations, and experimental design in enzyme kinetics are integrated, emphasizing theoretical knowledge and practical application in experimental contexts.