The exam covers fundamental and applied topics in computer science, including binary arithmetic, logic circuits, and assembly language. Key areas include fixed-point binary conversion, two’s complement subtraction, ASCII-to-decimal transformations, and Unicode advantages. Data representation explores sampling rates, resolutions, and file size calculations. Networking concepts address encryption, protocols, and CSMA/CA mechanisms with RTS/CTS for collision avoidance. Boolean algebra tasks include logic gate simplification and circuit design. Assembly programming implements multiplication algorithms using bitwise operations. Ethical considerations involve data privacy and access restrictions, evaluating the legal and moral implications of bypassing device security. Practical applications emphasize computational reasoning and optimization.