This AS Geography Paper examines physical geography and human-environment interactions. Section A covers water and carbon cycles, coastal systems, and glacial landscapes, focusing on groundwater storage, drivers of water cycle change, coastal erosion, deposition processes, and glacial mass changes. Topics include the impacts of sea-level rise on saltmarshes and climate change′s role in flooding and water supply. Section B explores natural hazards and urban environments, analyzing volcanic hazards, urban climate impacts, atmospheric pollution, and the ecological footprint of cities. Emphasis is placed on sustainability, environmental challenges, and data interpretation through case studies and geographical analysis.