The exam paper examines Russia′s political, social, and economic transformations (1855–1917). Section A evaluates interpretations of Russia’s progress between 1905 and 1914, analyzing constitutional promises, Duma reforms, modernization, and the regime’s failures, including scandals and repression. Section B assesses the effectiveness of Tsar Alexander II’s reforms (1861–1894) in bringing significant change and explores the transformation of Russian industry and agriculture (1881–1900). The questions focus on autocracy, reform, modernization, and the interplay of political and social dynamics during this period.