1. Analysis of themes in pre-Islamic and Abbasid Arabic literature, including poets like ʿUrwa ibn al-Ward and Ibn al-Muʿtazz. 2. Exploration of emotions and literary symbolism in the works of Nâzik al-Malaʾika. 3. Discussion of moral and philosophical contrasts in works like Tawfiq al-Hakim's Sulayman al-Hakim. 4. Examination of time and human experience in Naguib Mahfouz’s Half a Day. 5. Representation of Lebanese rural traditions in Emily Nasrallah’s Birds of September. 6. Essays graded with a total of 75 marks, with 25 marks per question.