1. Key topics include cell structures and functions, particularly organelles like ribosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. 2. Detailed examination of transport mechanisms across cell membranes, involving active transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. 3. Enzyme kinetics explored through concepts like Michaelis–Menten constant (Km), substrate affinity, and effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors. 4. DNA replication and transcription processes, highlighting base-pairing rules and codon-to-amino acid translation. 5. Plant physiology, covering adaptations for water conservation, phloem and xylem functions, and transport pathways (symplast and apoplast). 6. Human physiology topics such as blood pressure regulation, heart anatomy, and oxygen transport mechanisms, including the Bohr effect.