1. Education and Trade Under the Umayyads – Describing the developments in education and trade, referencing Umayyad coinage and other historical factors.
2. Umayyad Policies – Evaluating the significance of religious policies during the Umayyad period and contrasting different viewpoints on their importance.
3. The Translation Movement Under the Abbasids – Explaining the translation movement, its impact on knowledge, and referring to sources like Socrates and other educational advancements.
4. Success of the Abbasids – Analyzing how the Abbasids succeeded by being open to other traditions, considering multiple perspectives.
5. Finding Meaning in Signs in the Natural World – Discussing how Muslims interpret natural signs and how this reflects Islamic beliefs.
6. Learning from Signs vs. Revelations – Evaluating the ease of learning from natural signs versus revelations and the extent to which each is true for Muslims.
7. Expression of Beliefs Through Mosques – Explaining how Islamic beliefs are expressed through mosque architecture and features.
8. Comparison of Mosques – Comparing two mosques to determine the extent to which they share the same architectural and religious features.