1. Education and Trade Under the Umayyads – Describing the developments in education and trade, referencing Umayyad coinage and other historical factors. 2. Umayyad Policies – Evaluating the significance of religious policies during the Umayyad period and contrasting different viewpoints on their importance. 3. The Translation Movement Under the Abbasids – Explaining the translation movement, its impact on knowledge, and referring to sources like Socrates and other educational advancements. 4. Success of the Abbasids – Analyzing how the Abbasids succeeded by being open to other traditions, considering multiple perspectives. 5. Finding Meaning in Signs in the Natural World – Discussing how Muslims interpret natural signs and how this reflects Islamic beliefs. 6. Learning from Signs vs. Revelations – Evaluating the ease of learning from natural signs versus revelations and the extent to which each is true for Muslims. 7. Expression of Beliefs Through Mosques – Explaining how Islamic beliefs are expressed through mosque architecture and features. 8. Comparison of Mosques – Comparing two mosques to determine the extent to which they share the same architectural and religious features.