The exam paper addresses advanced biology topics, focusing on nephron function (ultrafiltration, reabsorption), the nitrogen cycle, eutrophication, and cardiac physiology. Experimental analysis includes investigating caffeine effects on heart rate, mtDNA mutations in exercise, and tumour growth inhibition using Trexall. Key areas include enzyme inhibition, statistical methods, and cellular processes (DNA replication, tumour growth). Extended essays emphasize DNA in gene technologies and the significance of chemical bonding in biological systems. Keywords include “ultrafiltration,“ “nitrogen cycle,“ “eutrophication,“ “mtDNA mutations,“ “enzyme inhibition,“ “tumour growth,“ “caffeine effects,“ and “gene technologies.“