The exam paper examines biological principles, including sensory physiology, hormonal signaling, energy flow, and genetic variation. Topics include iris muscle interactions, rod and cone cell function, biofuel production, and photosynthesis pathways. Experimental design focuses on calorimetry, genetic diagrams, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and stem cell therapy efficacy. Applied biology includes proteinuria in Alport syndrome, the effect of environmental changes on snowshoe hares, and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in hibernation. Keywords include “fovea,“ “photosynthesis,“ “sarcomere,“ “Hardy-Weinberg,“ “stem cell therapy,“ “transgenic zebrafish,“ and “hibernation metabolic adaptations.“