The exam paper covers advanced biological principles, focusing on enzymatic action, gas exchange mechanisms, genetic mutations, and molecular biology. Key themes include the induced-fit model, ATP synthesis, counter-current oxygen exchange, polypeptide translation, and chloroplast function. Practical skills such as dissection, microscopy, and data interpretation are emphasized, alongside experimental setups exploring cancer treatments and plant adaptation through lipid composition. Topics also address DNA replication models, genetic variation, and the role of structural proteins in diseases. Keywords include “enzymatic catalysis,“ “gas exchange efficiency,“ “DNA replication,“ “mitosis phases,“ “chloroplast adaptation,“ and “monoclonal antibody therapy.“