The exam paper covers A-level biology topics, including cellular and molecular biology, ecology, and physiology. Key themes include nuclear structure and function, biodiversity indices, antibiotic resistance, viral replication, and enzyme activity. Practical and experimental skills are assessed through techniques like aseptic transfer, electron microscopy, and monoclonal antibody labeling. Physiological processes such as transpiration in mangrove trees and carbohydrate transport in plants are examined. Structural and functional comparisons involve DNA, tRNA, starch, and cellulose. Keywords include “antibiotic resistance,“ “species diversity index,“ “quaternary protein structure,“ “aseptic techniques,“ “meiosis errors,“ and “gas exchange efficiency.“