The exam paper evaluates advanced biology topics, including protein structure, mitosis, recombinant DNA technology, and photosynthesis. Key concepts include haemoglobin function, nerve impulse transmission, Pacinian corpuscle structure, and mitotic index calculation. Applied studies cover genetic engineering in goats for antithrombin production, statistical analysis of photosynthetic rates, and phylogenetic relationships in plants. Extended essays explore ATP′s role and biological cycles. Keywords include “haemoglobin,“ “Pacinian corpuscle,“ “mitotic index,“ “recombinant DNA,“ “antithrombin production,“ “photosynthesis,“ and “ATP significance.“