The exam evaluates inorganic and physical chemistry concepts, emphasizing thermodynamics, equilibrium, and periodicity. Key topics include Born–Haber cycles, lattice enthalpy calculations, entropy, and Gibbs free energy changes. It explores chemical equilibria, partial pressures, and Kp expressions. Practical chemistry assesses buffer solution formation, titration curves, and reaction mechanisms. Advanced topics include transition metal chemistry, isomerism in complexes, and catalytic processes. Questions on vanadium oxidation states, heterogeneous catalysis, and group trends in s-block metals highlight periodicity and bonding. The paper integrates problem-solving, quantitative analysis, and theoretical applications to assess advanced understanding in chemistry.