The exam assesses inorganic and physical chemistry concepts, including thermodynamics, atomic structure, and chemical equilibria. Topics include Born–Haber cycles, lattice enthalpy, enthalpy of hydration, and Gibbs free energy calculations. Questions analyze ionization energies, isotope abundance, and periodic trends across Period 3 elements. Practical applications cover acid-base equilibria, pH calculations, buffer solutions, and fuel cell reactions. Advanced sections examine the behavior of transition metals, redox equations, electrode potentials, and reaction kinetics. The paper emphasizes theoretical understanding, quantitative problem-solving, and experimental techniques in physical and inorganic chemistry.