The exam paper covers physical geography topics, including water and carbon cycles, desert and coastal systems, and glacial environments. Key themes involve analyzing climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, and the water balance in tropical rainforests. The paper also addresses desertification, coastal landform development, and glacial processes, with an emphasis on physical and human interactions. Analytical tasks focus on data interpretation, while assessment questions explore environmental change, ecosystem stress, and the management of natural hazards like wildfires and volcanic eruptions. Key topics also include biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the challenges of balancing economic development with environmental conservation.