The exam focuses on Spain during the Age of Discovery (1469–1598), particularly under Philip II′s reign. Section A examines Philip′s foreign policy through three extracts, addressing themes like religious defense, dynastic goals, and the impact of Portugal′s acquisition on his global influence. Section B explores topics including the Spanish Crown′s control over society (1478-1516), the strength of Charles V′s domestic policies by 1556, and the mismanagement of Spain’s overseas empire in relation to Philip II′s financial policies. Key themes include political strategy, imperial management, and the challenges of maintaining a vast empire.