The November 2021 A-level Law Paper 1 examines criminal law principles, focusing on defences to murder, robbery elements, and statutory interpretation. Analytical sections cover the contemporaneity rule, mens rea for non-fatal offences, and intoxication as a defence under the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. Case studies assess liability for murder, property offences, and assault. Keywords: criminal law, robbery, murder defences, mens rea, intoxication, contemporaneity rule, non-fatal offences.