General Physics - Speed, velocity and acceleration: Relationship between speed, velocity, and acceleration, equations of motion, and graphical representation of motion. Forces and Motion - Newton’s laws: Application of Newton′s laws, resultant forces, inertia, and frictional effects. Thermal Physics - Heat transfer: Mechanisms of heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation), insulation methods, and energy efficiency. Electricity and Magnetism | Electric circuits: Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, Ohm’s Law, circuit components, and safety precautions. Waves and Optics - Light and sound: Reflection and refraction of light, wave properties, the electromagnetic spectrum, and the nature of sound waves. Atomic Physics - Radioactivity: Properties and effects of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, radioactive decay, half-life, and nuclear fission and fusion.