1. Atomic structure and bonding: atoms, elements, electronic configuration, covalent and ionic bonding, giant structures.

2. Chemical calculations and reactions: the mole concept, Avogadro’s constant, chemical equations, rates of reaction, equilibrium, redox reactions.

3. Acids, bases, and salts: properties of acids, neutralization, pH scale, salt preparation methods.

4. Electrochemistry and energetics: electrolysis, fuel cells, enthalpy changes, exothermic and endothermic reactions.

5. Organic chemistry and industrial applications: hydrocarbons, functional groups, polymerization, petrochemicals, alcohols, esters, chromatography.

6. Metals and periodic trends: periodic table classification, trends across periods, metal reactivity, extraction, corrosion, alloys.