1. Fraction simplification, parallel line angles, and basic arithmetic calculations. 2. Prism volume error identification and correct calculation of missing dimension. 3. Scatter plot completion, correlation identification, outlier recognition, and height estimation using the line of best fit. 4. Density-based mass estimation, proportional relationships, and polynomial equation solving. 5. Probability of selecting different-colored discs, vector representation in parallelograms, and proving collinearity using vector algebra.