1. Energy and Power – Hydroelectric power generation; Sankey diagrams and energy efficiency; reducing friction in turbines; power output calculations. 2. Electromagnetic Radiation – Human eye sensitivity to light; frequency and energy relationships in radiation; wavelength changes with temperature. 3. Electricity and Circuits – LDR behavior in light and darkness; resistance calculations; series and parallel circuit properties; charge flow and energy transfer. 4. Waves and Optics – Reflection and refraction in different materials; lens properties; prism dispersion; experimental improvements for measuring light behavior. 5. Forces and Motion – Speed and acceleration calculations; kinetic energy and work done; Newton’s laws applied to motion; forces in lever systems. 6. Experimental Methods and Data Analysis – Identifying sources of error; ensuring accuracy and reproducibility; graphical analysis of wave behavior and Big Bang evidence.