1. Respiration and Life Processes: Structure and function of the human respiratory system; gas exchange mechanisms; breathing and respiration; role of blood in oxygen transport; scientific models and representations in biology. 2. Properties of Materials and Chemical Reactions: Dissolving, solutions, and solubility; chromatography techniques; exothermic and endothermic reactions; reactions of metals with oxygen, water, and acids; applications in research and industry. 3. Forces, Energy, and Motion: Principles of forces and motion; speed and acceleration; pressure between solids, liquids, and gases; particles and their movement; turning forces and their applications.