1. Data Storage and Binary Representation | Identifying storage units, converting between denary, binary, and hexadecimal, and performing binary arithmetic operations. 2. File Compression and Encoding | Explaining lossy vs. lossless compression, benefits of file compression, and advantages of Unicode over ASCII. 3. Networking and Data Transmission | Understanding packet switching, identifying packet header components, and explaining error detection methods like checksum and echo check. 4. Encryption and Cybersecurity | Comparing symmetric and asymmetric encryption, explaining encryption importance, and identifying hardware used to prevent cyberattacks. 5. Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle | Identifying registers used in instruction fetch, explaining how data is processed, and completing a diagram for decoding instructions. 6. Internet and Web Technologies | Explaining terms like IP address, web browser, hacking, and hardware used for DNS resolution and cybersecurity. 7. Automation and Artificial Intelligence | Describing how AI assists automated systems, benefits of microprocessor-controlled devices, and how sensors interact with control systems. 8. Cookies and Online Tracking | Identifying types of cookies, their uses in web applications, and understanding their persistence and expiration mechanisms. 9. Integrated Development Environments (IDE) | Explaining the purpose of an IDE in software development, including debugging, code completion, and testing functionalities.