1. Density Measurement & Volume Calculations | Determining test-tube dimensions, using volume equations, measuring water displacement, calculating density.

2. Electrical Resistance & Circuit Analysis | Measuring voltage across resistors and LEDs, calculating current, determining resistance using Ohm’s law.

3. Optics & Image Formation | Measuring focal length of a lens, adjusting screen for a sharp image, graphing (u+v) vs. uv relationships.

4. Graph Plotting & Data Analysis | Constructing and analyzing experimental graphs, calculating gradients, comparing experimental values.

5. Experimental Errors & Accuracy | Avoiding parallax errors, ensuring precise measurements, controlling variables for reliable results.

6. Heat Transfer & Boiling Time Investigation | Planning an experiment to test the effect of water surface area on boiling time, controlling variables, designing a results table.

7. Laboratory Techniques & Apparatus Usage | Using a voltmeter, adjusting lens focus, selecting appropriate measuring instruments for experiments.