1. Density Measurement & Volume Calculations | Measuring mass, height, and diameter of a test-tube; calculating external and internal volume; determining density of glass.

2. Electrical Resistance & Circuit Analysis | Measuring voltage across resistors and LEDs, calculating current, determining LED resistance using Ohm’s law.

3. Optics & Image Formation | Measuring focal length of a converging lens, setting up object-screen-lens alignment, determining sharp image distances.

4. Graph Plotting & Data Analysis | Constructing and analyzing experimental graphs, calculating gradients, verifying experimental values.

5. Experimental Accuracy & Error Reduction | Avoiding parallax errors, ensuring precise measurements, controlling variables for reliable results.

6. Heat Transfer & Boiling Time Investigation | Planning an experiment to analyze boiling time based on surface area exposure, controlling variables, designing a results table.

7. Laboratory Techniques & Apparatus Usage | Proper handling of measuring instruments, setting up circuits correctly, ensuring accurate voltage and resistance readings.