1. Tropical Landforms and Climate | Examining the formation of tower karst landscapes, climate differences in humid and seasonally humid tropics, and threats to rainforest and savanna ecosystems. 2. Coastal Environments and Processes | Analyzing the global distribution of coastal sand dunes, factors influencing their formation, and the vulnerability of coral reefs to environmental threats. 3. Natural Hazards and Disaster Risks | Assessing the distribution and height of tsunamis, factors affecting tsunami impacts, and the dangers posed by mass movements and storm surges. 4. Arid and Semi-Arid Landscapes | Investigating the formation of landforms in deserts, the role of salinization in soil degradation, and multiple factors influencing aridity in dry environments. 5. Wave Action and Coastal Landforms | Evaluating how wave characteristics shape coastal landscapes, including the impact of wave energy, erosion, and sediment deposition. 6. Climate Change and Environmental Degradation | Understanding how climate variations, human activities, and natural processes contribute to desertification, land degradation, and loss of biodiversity.