1. French Revolution and Political Instability | Analyzing Necker’s financial report (1781) and the role of hunger in the Great Fear of 1789. 2. German Nationalism and Wars | Examining the Carlsbad Decrees’ impact on nationalism and the Schleswig-Holstein dispute’s role in the war of 1864. 3. Russian Revolution and Bolshevik Control | Investigating the unpopularity of Tsarist rule in 1905 and whether Bolshevik power was firmly established by 1921. 4. Causes and Consequences of the American Civil War | Assessing the attack on Fort Sumter, Bleeding Kansas’ impact on secession, and Southern living conditions during the war. 5. International Relations and Imperialism | Evaluating European motives for African colonization, the economic factors behind US expansion, and Germany’s role in the Spanish Civil War. 6. League of Nations and East Asian Conflicts | Discussing the League’s failure in Abyssinia, Chiang Kai-shek’s failed Extermination Campaigns, and the Kwantung Army’s invasion of Manchuria.