1. French Revolution and Napoleon | Analyzing Louis XVI’s failed escape in 1791 and debating whether Napoleon was a dictator.

2. German Unification and Nationalism | Evaluating Bismarck’s alliance with Austria in 1864 and the impact of the Carlsbad Decrees on German nationalism.

3. Russian Revolution and Economic Reforms | Explaining how the Bolsheviks established one-party rule by 1921 and assessing the success of Witte’s economic policies.

4. US Civil War and Reconstruction | Investigating belief in a slave power conspiracy in the 1850s, the impact of Lincoln’s 1860 election victory, and the reasons for the end of Reconstruction in 1877.

5. US Industrialization and Immigration | Assessing the impact of Progressive constitutional reforms and determining whether economic factors were the most significant consequences of immigration (1870–1920).

6. International Conflicts and Power Shifts | Exploring Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Anglo-German colonial rivalry, the League of Nations’ failures in the 1930s, and Japan’s path to war with the US by 1941.