1. Flowchart Symbols and Uses | Identifying key flowchart symbols, their structures, and their roles in program design. 2. Management Information Systems (MIS) | Describing features, functions, and benefits of an MIS in organizations. 3. Database Normalization | Explaining second normal form (2NF) and discussing advantages and drawbacks of normalization. 4. Data Accuracy Methods | Differentiating between validation and verification, and explaining range checks and double data entry. 5. Encryption and Security | Describing public and private key usage in asymmetric encryption and malware types (spyware, worms). 6. Digital Divide and IT Accessibility | Analyzing how access to technology creates economic and social inequalities globally.